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Publications:

2026

Saljoughi, S., Heffer, T., Ebrahimi, M., Lyons, K., & Stojanoski, B. (2026). The Developmental Trajectory of the Social Brain: A Movie-Based Exploration from childhood to adolescence. bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.07.24.666623

2025

​Heffer, T., Borg, M. E., & Willoughby, T. (2025). “What Are Some of the Things You Are Worried About?”: An Analysis of Youth’s Open-Ended Responses of Current Worries. Journal of Adolescence. https://doi.org/10.1002/jad.12470
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​Borg, M. E., Heffer, T., & Willoughby, T. (2025). Generational Shifts in Adolescent Mental Health: A Longitudinal Time-Lag Study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 54(4), 837–848. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-024-02095-3
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2024

Heffer, T., Flournoy, J. C., Baum, G. L., & Somerville, L. H. (2024). Examining the Association between Punishment and Reward Sensitivity and Response Inhibition to Previously-Incentivized Cues across Development. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 53(6), 1341–1354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-024-01966-z
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2023

Heffer, T., van Noordt, S., & Willoughby, T. (2023). Developmental Trajectories of Sensitivity to Threat in Children and Adolescents Predict Larger Medial Frontal Theta Differentiation During Response Inhibition. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsad009
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2022

Heffer, T., & Willoughby, T. (2022). Investigating the consistency of ERPs across threatening situations among children and adolescents. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 22(2), 328–340. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-021-00957-y
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​Willoughby, T., Heffer, T., & Borg, M. E. (2022). Deliberate Self-injury in Children and Associations With Negative Adjustment. JAMA Pediatrics, 176(10), 1040–1043. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.1842
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2021

Heffer, T., Lundale, C., Wylie, B. E., & Willoughby, T. (2021). Investigating Sensitivity to Threat with the Behavioral Inhibition Scale (BIS) Among Children, Adolescents and University Students: The role of Negatively-Phrased Questions. Personality and individual differences, 170, 110416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110416
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Heffer, T., & Willoughby, T. (2021). A Person-Centered Examination of Emotion Dysregulation, Sensitivity to Threat, and Impulsivity Among Children and Adolescents: An ERP Study. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100900
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Willoughby, T., Heffer, T., Good, M., & Magnacca, C. (2021). Is Adolescence a Time of Heightened Risk Taking? An Overview of Types of Risk-Taking Behaviors Across Age Groups. Developmental Review, 61(100980), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2021.100980
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Willoughby, T., Heffer, T., van Noordt, S., Desjardins, J., Segalowitz, S., & Schmidt, L. (2021). An ERP Investigation of Children and Adolescents’ Sensitivity to Wins and Losses During a Peer Observation Manipulation. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 51, 100995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2021.100995
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2020

Heffer, T., & Willoughby, T. (2020). A Longitudinal Study Investigating Trajectories of Sensitivity to Threat Over Time and Their Association with Alpha Asymmetry Among Children and Adolescents. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 46, 100863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100863
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Heffer, T., & Willoughby, T. (2020). Sensitivity to Negative Feedback Among Children and Adolescents: An ERP Study Comparing Developmental Differences Between High-Worriers and Low-Worriers. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 20, 624-635. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-020-00791-8
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2019

Heffer, T., Good, M., Daly, O., MacDonell, E., & Willoughby, T. (2019). The Longitudinal Association Between Social-Media Use and Depressive Symptoms Among Adolescents and Young Adults: An Empirical Reply to Twenge et al. (2018). Clinical Psychological Science, 7(3), 462–470. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702618812727
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2018

Heffer, T., & Willoughby, T. (2018). The Role of Emotion Dysregulation: A Longitudinal Investigation of the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide. Psychiatry Research, 260, 379–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.11.075
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2017

Heffer, T., & Willoughby, T. (2017). A Count of Coping Strategies: A Longitudinal Study Investigating an Alternative Method to Understanding Coping and Adjustment. PloS One, 12(10), e0186057–e0186057. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186057
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2015

Hamza, C. A., Willoughby, T., & Heffer, T. (2015). Impulsivity and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: A Review and Meta-Analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 38, 13–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.02.010
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​Willoughby, T., Heffer, T., & Hamza, C. A. (2015). The Link Between Nonsuicidal Self-Injury and Acquired Capability for Suicide: A Longitudinal Study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology (1965), 124(4), 1110–1115. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000104
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Click to see Dr. Heffer's Google Scholar page to see the full list!